Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: d. Levelling
In Simple Levelling, we find the difference of level between two stations which are not far away.
Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: d. Levelling
The Principle of Levelling is that a Spirit Level (bubble tube) is to establish a line called the Line of Collimation or Line of Sight.
Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: d. Levelling
Level is the instrument used for levelling. A level consists of the following parts:
Objective, Uses, Terminology | Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: d. Levelling
Levelling is a method of determining the relative heights or elevation of points above or below the surface of the Earth.
Measurement of angles
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: c. Measurement of angles
Theodolite is a precise instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles directly in surveying, including determining differences in elevation, extending survey lines, locating points on a survey line, etc.
Measurement of angles | Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: c. Measurement of angles
Bearing is the horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the survey line. It is measured in clock-wise direction.
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: c. Measurement of angles
A compass is used to measure the bearings of directions of survey lines. There are two types of compass available, namely, 1. Prismatic Compass and 2. Surveyor's Compass.
Traverse Surveying or Traversing | Surveying
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: c. Measurement of angles
The direction of a survey line may be defined either (i) by the horizontal angle between the line adjacent to it, or (ii) by the angle called the Meridian and the line.
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: b. Chain surveying
Steps involved in conducting chain surveying are: 1. Ranging, 2. Chaining and 3. Offsetting.
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: b. Chain surveying
This primary investigation of the area is called Reconnaissance Survey.
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: b. Chain surveying
Instruments for Measuring Horizontal Distance 1. Surveyor's Chain 2 . Steel Band 3. Tape 4. Arrows (Chain Pins) Instruments for Marking Stations on the Ground 5. Ranging Rods 6. Offset Rods: 7. Cross Staff 8. Plumb Bob 9. Pegs and Wooden Hammer 10. Field Book
Civil Engineering
Subject and UNIT: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering: UNIT II: b. Chain surveying
The measurements used in surveying to obtain a plan or map of the area surveyed are: